Mycotoxins and Mytoxicogenic Fungi from Sorghum: A Comprehensive Review

Abstract

Fungi are ever-present plant and animal’s microorganism that are major fermentation agents of foods and herbages. Presence of microscopic fungi or fungal spores in crops or feed made from the crop, most often compromise the nutritional quality, sensorial attributes and the safety of the food and feeds that humans and animals solely rely on. They are also known to be infamous blender of mycotoxins. Review was carried out to determine the conceivability of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods to profile any fungal contaminating sorghum, to evaluate the toxicogenicity of fungal isolated, to validate the ability of,  Liquid chromatography–tandem mass LC-MS/MS to profile aflatoxin, ochratoxins, fumonisins, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, HT-2 toxin, T-2 toxin, citrinin and ergot alkaloids contaminating  sorghum, to identify  non-toxigenic fungi as bio-control agents against mycotoxin contamination of sorghum, and to evaluate the  fungicide effects of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) and d’Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Steu.) against fungi contaminating sorghum. Research works considered for this review were the research studies carried out from the last ten years. It was concluded that  multiplex PCR (mPCR) based assay is a rapid, cost effective and user friendly that can be used for the diagnosis of major mycotoxigenic fungi in sorghum, toxicogenicity of isolated fungi depends on the environmental and climatic factors and Aspergillus parasiticus was reported to be the highest producer of aflatoxins while Fusariumgraminaerum is the highest producer of Zearalenone and Deoxynivalenol in Africa,(LC/MS/MS) method possesses the performance characteristics required to obtain accurate mycotoxins profiles in Sorghum, set of primers can be developed using quantitative PCR (qPCR),  PCR- restriction fragment length polymorphism( PCR-RFLP) and mPCR assay which allows for the identification and quantification of non-toxigenic fungi agents, sorghum and that  Parkia.biglobosa Stem bark extract contains large quantity of phytochemical compare to the leaf extract and the constituents are higher in acetone extract than ethanol extract also  D’Eucalyptus camaldulensis leaves extract has the largest inhibition zones against Aspergillus alliaceus.